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	<title>mcfrazer.com</title>
	<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com</link>
	<description>Ne te quaesiveris extra</description>
	<pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2007 23:54:48 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>Iconic Daredevil Evel Knievel Dies at 69</title>
		<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/iconic-daredevil-evel-knievel-dies-at-69-2/</link>
		<comments>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/iconic-daredevil-evel-knievel-dies-at-69-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2007 23:54:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mcfrazer</dc:creator>
		
	<dc:subject>Entertainment</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Nostalgia</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Uncategorized</dc:subject>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/iconic-daredevil-evel-knievel-dies-at-69-2/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Associated PressBy MITCH STACY
CLEARWATER, Fla...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iWWuZ0wDGsiJxYa_PFQLAH5qe-AwD8T8983O0"><img src="http://www.allauthentic.com/images/products/evelsi1171150722.jpg" height="141" width="112" />The Associated Press</a><br /><small><b><br />By MITCH STACY</b></small><br />
<blockquote>CLEARWATER, Fla. (AP) — Evel Knievel, the red-white-and-blue-spangled motorcycle daredevil whose jumps over crazy obstacles including Greyhound buses, live sharks and Idaho&#8217;s Snake River Canyon made him an international icon in the 1970s, died Friday. He was 69.</p></blockquote>
<p></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Cheatsheet</title>
		<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/adobe-photoshop-lightroom-cheatsheet/</link>
		<comments>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/adobe-photoshop-lightroom-cheatsheet/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Nov 2007 20:55:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mcfrazer</dc:creator>
		
	<dc:subject>Cheatsheets</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Downloads</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Lightroom Keyboard Shortcuts</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Resources</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Projects</dc:subject><dc:subject>adobe</dc:subject><dc:subject>cheatsheets</dc:subject><dc:subject>lightroom</dc:subject>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/adobe-photoshop-lightroom-cheatsheet/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I can be a little particular about some things...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href='http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/adobelightroom_keyboardshortcuts_11292007.zip' title='Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Cheatsheet Screenshot'><img src='http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/adobe-photoshop-lightroom-keyboard-shortcuts.jpg' alt='Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Cheatsheet Screenshot' /></a>I can be a little particular about some things. Long story short, I did not like the way the official Lightroom Keyboard Shortcuts printed so I reformatted them using OmniOutliner. Posting them here in case someone else shares my issues.</p>
<p>Zip file includes OmniOutliner, PDF, and tab delimited versions.</p>
<p>&#62;&#62;<a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/adobelightroom_keyboardshortcuts_11292007.zip">Download &#8220;Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Keyboard Shortcuts&#8221;</a></p>
<a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/adobe" rel="tag">adobe</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/cheatsheets" rel="tag">cheatsheets</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/lightroom" rel="tag">lightroom</a>]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>OmniGraffle Wireframe Palette (modified)</title>
		<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/omnigraffle-wireframe-palette-modified/</link>
		<comments>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/omnigraffle-wireframe-palette-modified/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Nov 2007 16:37:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mcfrazer</dc:creator>
		
	<dc:subject>OmniGraffle Wireframe Palette</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Projects</dc:subject><dc:subject>omnigraffle</dc:subject><dc:subject>stencils</dc:subject><dc:subject>tools</dc:subject><dc:subject>web development</dc:subject><dc:subject>wireframes</dc:subject>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/omnigraffle-wireframe-palette-modified/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[After upgrading my OmniGraffle Wireframe Palette a few months ago, I noticed it loading really slowly...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>After upgrading my <a href="http://urlgreyhot.com/personal/resources/omnigraffle_wireframe_palette">OmniGraffle Wireframe Palette</a> a few months ago, I noticed it loading really slowly. Upon inspection, I found that it was abnormally large and subsequently found the icons to be the culprits. I finally got around to modifying the icons in Illustrator and exported them as PNGs with transparency. Filesize was reduced from 2MB to 800KB. I do not have the time to organize the icons in the same way as the original but it is close enough. </p>
<p><a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/wireframeshapesangeles_fws.zip">&#62;&#62; Download OmniGraffle Wireframe Palette (modified)</a></p>
<a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/omnigraffle" rel="tag">omnigraffle</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/stencils" rel="tag">stencils</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/tools" rel="tag">tools</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/web-development" rel="tag">web development</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/wireframes" rel="tag">wireframes</a>]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>OmniGraffle Resources</title>
		<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/omnigraffle-resources/</link>
		<comments>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/omnigraffle-resources/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 02 Oct 2007 15:28:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mcfrazer</dc:creator>
		
	<dc:subject>OmniGraffle Wireframe Palette</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Resources</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Projects</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Technology</dc:subject><dc:subject>omni</dc:subject><dc:subject>omnigraffle</dc:subject><dc:subject>tips</dc:subject><dc:subject>tools</dc:subject>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/omnigraffle-resources/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[// Instantiate a Panel from markup
	YAHOO...]]></description>
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<p><img src="http://urlgreyhot.com/files/WireframeShapesAngeles.png" id="img1" name="wireframe" alt="Wireframe Stencil" width="185" height="374" style="float:left; margin:0px 10px 10px; padding:0px 4p 4px; border:1px #999 thin"/></p>
<p>The Omni Group makes tools that just beg to be used. One of my biggest fears about ever having to &#8220;work for the man&#8221; again is that I will have to go back to using the sadistic Windows/Visio/Office/etc. I am not a Mac freak at all but after using Windows stuff for 10 years in the corporate world, I must say that the Mac is a welcome reprieve.</p>
<p>I digress &#8230; </p>
<p>Anyway, here are a few good resources for getting the most out of your <a href="http://www.omnigroup.com/applications/omnigraffle/" target="_blank" title="OmniGraffle - Diagramming worth a thousand words">OmniGraffle</a> experience.</p>
<ul>
<li>Lots of options (including Architecture/Interior Design) - <a href="http://graffletopia.com" title="Find and share OmniGraffle stencils" target="_blank">http://graffletopia.com</a></li>
<li>Personal Favorite Template - <a href="http://urlgreyhot.com/personal/resources/omnigraffle_web_design_template" title="OmniGraffle Web Design Template by Michael Angeles" target="_blank">http://urlgreyhot.com/personal/resources/omnigraffle_web_design_template</a>
<ul>
<li>&quot;This web design template for OmniGraffle Professional provides the basic layout for a design deliverable including pages for project brief, personas, design concept or mood board, site architecture diagram (site map) and flowcharts or wireframes. The template is formatted for US Legal paper in landscape orientation.&quot;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Personal Favorite Stencil - <a href="http://urlgreyhot.com/personal/resources/omnigraffle_wireframe_palette" title="OmniGraffle Wireframe Stencil by Michael Angeles" target="_blank">http://urlgreyhot.com/personal/resources/omnigraffle_wireframe_palette</a>
<ul>
<li>A &quot;very basic set of shapes for making wireframes (low-fidelity web page schematics) in OmniGraffle (Mac OS X)&quot;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Listing of other good stuff from the guy who did the previous two - <a href="http://urlgreyhot.com/personal/resources/overview" title="Other Goodies by Michael Angeles" target="_blank">http://urlgreyhot.com/personal/resources/overview</a> </li>
</ul>
<p>A big caveat here is that these <em>might</em> require the OmniGraffle Pro.</p>
<div id="img1_big"><img src="http://urlgreyhot.com/files/WireframeShapesAngeles.png" name="wireframe_big" alt="Wireframe Stencil"/></div>
</div>
<a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/omni" rel="tag">omni</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/omnigraffle" rel="tag">omnigraffle</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/tips" rel="tag">tips</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/tools" rel="tag">tools</a>]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Welcome to Web War One.</title>
		<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/welcome-to-web-war-one-2/</link>
		<comments>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/welcome-to-web-war-one-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2007 13:38:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mcfrazer</dc:creator>
		
	<dc:subject>Technology</dc:subject>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/welcome-to-web-war-one-2/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Probably the most poignant statement in this article by Wired Magazine is &#8220;Welcome to Web War one...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Probably the most poignant statement in this article by <a href="http://www.wired.com">Wired Magazine</a> is &#8220;Welcome to Web War one.&#8221;</p>
<p><img src="http://www.wired.com/images/article/magazine/1509/ff_estonia_map_t.jpg" align="left" />Long story short, protesting something via good-old-fashioned rioting is <i>so</i> passe. If rioting typically involves looting, what is going on beneath the guise of the bot-net attacks?<br /><b><a href="http://www.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/15-09/ff_estonia"><br />Hackers Take Down the Most Wired Country in Europe</a></b><br />
<blockquote>This was not the first botnet strike ever, nor was it the largest. But never before had an entire country been targeted on almost every digital front all at once, and never before had a government itself fought back. &#8220;The attacks were aimed at the essential electronic infrastructure of the Republic of Estonia,&#8221; Aaviksoo tells me later. &#8220;All major commercial banks, telcos, media outlets, and name servers — the phone books of the Internet — felt the impact, and this affected the majority of the Estonian population. This was the first time that a botnet threatened the national security of an entire nation.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
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		<title>LSD: The Geek&#8217;s Wonder Drug? (from Wired Magazine)</title>
		<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/72/</link>
		<comments>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/72/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 10 Aug 2007 19:38:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mcfrazer</dc:creator>
		
	<dc:subject>Psychology</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Creative Process</dc:subject><dc:subject>creativity</dc:subject><dc:subject>Drugs</dc:subject>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/72/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Interesting perspective on the use of LSD (and drugs in general)...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Interesting perspective on the use of LSD (and drugs in general). From and article, &#8220;<em>LSD: The Geek&#8217;s Wonder Drug?</em>, in Wired Magazine&#8221;:http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/01/70015</p>
<blockquote><p>When Kevin Herbert has a particularly intractable programming problem, or finds himself pondering a big career decision, he deploys a powerful mind expanding tool &#8212; LSD-25.</p></blockquote>
<p>I will leave it at that.</p>
<a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/creativity" rel="tag">creativity</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/drugs" rel="tag">Drugs</a>]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Fossils Challenge Old Evolution Theory</title>
		<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/fossils-challenge-old-evolution-theory/</link>
		<comments>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/fossils-challenge-old-evolution-theory/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 10 Aug 2007 02:49:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mcfrazer</dc:creator>
		
	<dc:subject>Research</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Philosophy</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Religion</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject>Announcements</dc:subject><dc:subject>evolution</dc:subject><dc:subject>Philosophy</dc:subject><dc:subject>religion</dc:subject><dc:subject>science</dc:subject>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/posts/fossils-challenge-old-evolution-theory/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Susan Anton, a New York University anthropologist and co-author of the Leakey work, said she expects anti-evolution proponents to seize on the new research, but said it would be a mistake to try to use the new work to show flaws in evolution theory...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote cite="http://news.wired.com/dynamic/stories/H/HUMAN_EVOLUTION?SITE=WIRE&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT"><p>Susan Anton, a New York University anthropologist and co-author of the Leakey work, said she expects anti-evolution proponents to seize on the new research, but said it would be a mistake to try to use the new work to show flaws in evolution theory.<br/></p>
<p>&#8220;This is not questioning the idea at all of evolution; it is refining some of the specific points,&#8221; Anton said. &#8220;This is a great example of what science does and religion doesn&#8217;t do. It&#8217;s a continous self-testing process.&#8221;</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="citation"><cite cite="http://news.wired.com/dynamic/stories/H/HUMAN_EVOLUTION?SITE=WIRE&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT"><a href="http://news.wired.com/dynamic/stories/H/HUMAN_EVOLUTION?SITE=WIRE&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT">Wired News - AP News</a></cite></p>
<p>Why do we have &#8220;anti-evolution&#8221; and anti-&#8221;anti-evolution&#8221; at all?</p>
<p>Why were these two paragraphs even inserted into this, otherwise scientific, article?</p>
<p>Believe me, I am not defending the stance of some <i>groups within the world of organized religion</i> on many scientific topics but I am compelled to point out the fallacies in these statements.</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;This is not questioning the idea at all of evolution; it is refining some of the specific points &#8230; &#8220;</p></blockquote>
<p>Technically speaking, this is not a &#8220;fallacy&#8221; but it is a disconcerting stance. Isn&#8217;t this tantamount to saying &#8220;We already know the answer, we are just refining all of our arguments to prove it.&#8221; Hmm. Sounds a bit like assuming that &#8220;evolution is not right&#8221; and focusing on the arguments that support that assumption.</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;This is a great example of what science does and religion doesn&#8217;t do. It&#8217;s a continous self-testing process.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>Where do I start with this one? My best response is this. Authentic religion is inherently a self-testing process. I am no scholar but my understanding of the Judeo-Christian God has been that He/She/It (whatever pronoun you require to respond intellectually) is all about the &#8220;self-testing process.&#8221; The entire Bible is a story of humanity&#8217;s attempt to understand who God is. Nothing confirms this more than the life and teaching of Jesus. Not healing on the Sabbath and all of those statements starting with &#8220;You have heard it said &#8230; but &#8230; &#8221;</p>
<p>There will always be a layer of people frightened of change. They are, sometimes voluntarily, completely misinformed about the facts and the true implications of those facts. What group of people does not have that layer? It is found everywhere from high school bands to sports leagues to national political parties. That is part of being human. Moving past that layer is where you find those hungry for truth. These people realize that life is too precious to do it all wrong much less to spend it living a lie.</p>
<p>I suspect even Susan Anton realizes how hypocritical and narrow-minded she sounds. I know I have said much worse. I totally understand why she feels so bitter that she is compelled to lash out; her entire professional career puts her in the middle of the most annoying, belligerent, mis/informed people in the world. I just long for the day when everyone is honest enough to admit that we don&#8217;t know all of the answers and we are all looking for them together.</p>
<a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/evolution" rel="tag">evolution</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/philosophy" rel="tag">Philosophy</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/religion" rel="tag">religion</a>, <a href="http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/tags/science" rel="tag">science</a>]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Good Times&#8230;</title>
		<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/good-times/</link>
		<comments>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/good-times/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Jul 2007 18:45:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mcfrazer</dc:creator>
		
	<dc:subject>Comedy</dc:subject>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/posts/good-times/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[After I stumbled upon Demetri Martin, I realized how much I love comedy stuff...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.hbo.com/conchords/img/template/show_logo.gif" alt="Flight of the Conchords Show Logo" /></p>
<p>After I stumbled upon <a href="http://clearification.com">Demetri Martin</a>, I realized how much I love comedy stuff. I was going to say that I realized how much I love to laugh but that sounds very pathetic.</p>
<p>Anyway, my best friend from high school just got a new LCD TV with a built-in HD tuner. Apparently, that means you can receive &#8220;On Demand&#8221; channels that are streaming past your house. So, if your neighbor rents BladeRunner, you will be able to see it. He was all excited about catching half of a movie one night. Now, he keeps searching for it to see if he can catch someone watching the other half.</p>
<p>My point here is that he discovered the &#8220;Flight of the Conchords&#8221; on HBO and passed on the good news. I don&#8217;t get HBO but I have watched it online and love it. Rumor has it that all four episodes can be found on something called &#8220;Torrent&#8221; or something like that.</p>
<p><a href="http://youtube.com/watch?v=h4b2QNnVrY0">Demetri Martin Video</a><br />
<strong>A clip from the HBO site:</strong></p>
<p><embed src="http://update.videoegg.com/flash/proxy.swf?jsver=1.4" FlashVars="jsver=1.4&#038;allowFlash9Fullscreen=true&#038;MMdoctitle=Test Document - Flash Player Installation&#038;MMplayerType=PlugIn&#038;clickurl_openinnewwindow=true&#038;clickurl=http://www.hbo.com/conchords&#038;skin=skins/hbo480&#038;wmode=window&#038;autoPlay=false&#038;file=http://hbo.001.download.videoegg.com/gid401/cid1501/CN/AT/1183052326Jm7KF8kyAxFioBQoAnRJ&#038;rootUrl=http://update.videoegg.com/flash/player&#038;swfpath=http://update.videoegg.com/flash/proxy.swf?jsver=1.4" quality="high" allowFullScreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" scale="noscale" wmode="window" width="480" height="392" name="VE_Player" align="middle" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></embed></p>
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		<title>[Study] Research on Faith</title>
		<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/study-research-on-faith/</link>
		<comments>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/study-research-on-faith/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2007 21:31:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mcfrazer</dc:creator>
		
	<dc:subject>Uncategorized</dc:subject>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.mcfrazer.com/wp/wp/posts/study-research-on-faith/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[Study] Research on Faith

“Faith as Ultimate Concern” by Paul Tillich
Summary by Meghan Ramsay (QCC, 2004)
Source: SUNY Suffolk 
According to Tillich, “faith is the state of being ultimately concerned...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"> [Study] Research on Faith</span></p>
<p>
<h1>“Faith as Ultimate Concern” by Paul Tillich</h1>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Summary by Meghan Ramsay (QCC, 2004)</p>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Source: <a title="SUNY Suffolk" target="blank_" href="http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/pecorip/SCCCWEB/ETEXTS/PHIL_of_RELIGION_TEXT/CHAPTER_10_DEFINITION/The-Definition-of-Religion.htm">SUNY Suffolk</a> </p>
<p>According to Tillich, “faith is the state of being ultimately concerned.”  The Ultimate Concern is that which demands complete surrender of the person who faithfully accepts the Ultimate.  Additionally, faith in and surrender to the Ultimate promises total completion regardless of what must be sacrificed in the name of faith.  Tillich argues that faith is a task for the believer’s complete being—for instance, it is an act of both the conscious and the unconscious.  He refers to faith as a “<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">total and centered act of the personal self, the act of unconditional, infinite and ultimate concern.</span>”  Tillich then goes on to examine the sources for faith.  He asserts that <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">faith arises out of man’s awareness that he is a part of the infinite yet he is not the owner of this infinity</span>.  Additionally, he points out that God cannot be an object of faith without also being the subject of man’s faith.  God, asserts Tillich, is present as the subject and object of ultimate faith while at the same time is transcendent beyond both subject and object.  Tillich warns that there are finite things that claim infinity, such as the nation or state.  However, unlike God, believers can approach such finite things with “ordinary knowledge.”  Since God is infinite and ultimate and faith in God is the ultimate concern, Tillich asserts that only symbolic language is sufficient to express faith and God.  Thus, he outlines the definition of the term “symbol.”  Like signs, symbols refer to that which is beyond themselves.  For instance, a stop sign points to the command to stop the movement of a vehicle.  Similarly letters refer to sounds and meanings.  However, unlike signs, symbols play a part in that which they represent and cannot be easily replaced.  For instance, a country’s flag not only represents the nation that it stands for but also is an active participant in portraying the country’s “power and dignity.”  Thus, it cannot simply be replaced unless the character of the nation itself is also changed.  Tillich also asserts that symbols allow us to experience other levels of reality that are normally off limits to us.  For instance art creates a symbol for a plane that we cannot move toward by science alone.  Additionally, symbols open aspects of our souls which allow us to experience awareness of ourselves that we were not conscious of prior to experiencing the symbol (such as the depths that we can reach by listening to the “melodies and rhythms in music”).  Another characteristic of a symbol is that it cannot be manufactured.  Symbols arise from the unconscious and must be accepted on that level before conscious acceptance.  Finally, since symbols cannot be intentionally produced, they come about and cease to exist in due time.  In essence, they are borne out of a need and they perish when they no longer generate a reaction within the group that originally used them for expressive purposes.   </p>
<p>Tillich then goes on to assert that anything that achieves ultimate concern for man is elevated to the status of god.  However, when things like a nation or success become elevated to the level of ultimacy, they are merely false or idolatrous symbols of ultimate concern.  Tillich also discusses that myths are an integral part of our ultimate concern.  While a myth must be recognized as a myth (much like how a symbol must be recognized as a symbol), Tillich argues that <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">any attempt to remove the mythological from our consciousness will be unsuccessful because myths signify a collection of symbols which stand for our ultimate concern</span>.  One might be able to replace one myth with another, but s/he could never completely remove mythology from human consciousness.  In fact, Tillich argues that even a “broken myth,” one which has been proven to be understood as a myth and has not been removed from or replaced within consciousness, cannot be replaced with a scientific substitute because myths are the symbolic language of faith.  However, Tillich also warns that one cannot simply accept myths as literal truths because they then loose their symbolic meaning and rob God of his standing as the ultimate.</p>
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		<title>First Principles of Interaction Design</title>
		<link>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/first-principles-of-interaction-design-2/</link>
		<comments>http://www.mcfrazer.com/posts/first-principles-of-interaction-design-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Apr 2007 14:51:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mcfrazer</dc:creator>
		
	<dc:subject>Uncategorized</dc:subject>
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		<description><![CDATA[Jump to:
Anticipation
							Autonomy
							Color Blindness
							Consistency
							Defaults
							Efficiency of the User
							Explorable Interfaces
							Fitts&#8217; Law
							Human-Interface Objects
							Latency Reduction
							Learnability
							   Limit Tradeoffs
							Metaphors
							Protect the User&#8217;s Work
							Readability
							Track State
							Visible Interfaces
										
																
					  					
Thefollowing principles are fundamental to the design and implementationof effective interfaces, whether for traditional GUI environments orthe web...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><TABLE cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" border="0"><TBODY>				<TR>					<TD valign="top" rowspan="8">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Jump to:</H4>
<p class="leftMargin"><a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#anticipation">Anticipation</a><a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#anticipation"><br/><br />
							</a><a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#autonomy">Autonomy</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#Anchor-Color-33869">Color Blindness</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#consistency">Consistency</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#defaults">Defaults</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#efficiencyOfUser">Efficiency of the User</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#explorableInterfaces">Explorable Interfaces</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#fittsLaw">Fitts&#8217; Law</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#humanInterfaceObjects">Human-Interface Objects</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#latencyReduction">Latency Reduction</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#learnability">Learnability</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#limitTradeOffs">   Limit Tradeoffs</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#metaphors">Metaphors</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#protectUsersWork">Protect the User&#8217;s Work</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#readability">Readability</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#trackState">Track State</a><br/><br />
							<a href="http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#visibleInterfaces">Visible Interfaces</a></p>
<p>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
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</TD>					<TD valign="top">  </TD>					<TD valign="top">
<p>Thefollowing principles are fundamental to the design and implementationof effective interfaces, whether for traditional GUI environments orthe web. Of late, many web applications have reflected a lack ofunderstanding of many of these principles of interaction design, totheir great detriment. Because an application or service appears on theweb, the principles do not change. If anything, applying theseprinciples become even more important.</p>
<p>• Deutsche (German) Version:<br/><br />
							<a href="http://meiert.com/de/publications/translations/asktog.com/firstprinciples/">http://meiert.com/de/publications/translations/asktog.com/firstprinciples/</a><br/><br />
							<br/><br />
							• Nederlands (Dutch) Version:<br/><br />
							<a href="http://aifia.org/nl/translations/000187.html">http://aifia.org/nl/translations/000187.html</a><br/>
						</p>
<p>• Spanish Version:<br/><br />
							<a href="http://galinus.com/es/articulos/principios-diseno-de-interaccion.html">http://galinus.com/es/articulos/principios-diseno-de-interaccion.html<br/><br />
							</a><br/><br />
Effective interfaces are visually apparent and forgiving, instilling intheir users a sense of control. Users quickly see the breadth of theiroptions, grasp how to achieve their goals, and do their work.</p>
<p>Effectiveinterfaces do not concern the user with the inner workings of thesystem. Work is carefully and continuously saved, with full option forthe user to undo any activity at any time.</p>
<p>Effective applications and services perform a maximum of work, while requiring a minimum of information from users.<br/><br />
							<br/><br />
This work is copyright 2003 by Bruce Tognazzini. Permission to makecopies for personal use is granted without reservation, provided thiscopyright notice remains on the copy. Please contact the author forpermission to republish on a web site, to publish in bound form, or tomake multiple copies, except that educators and in-house corporatetrainers may make sufficient copies for their own students. Nocommerical use may be made of the work beyond this in-house exception.This notice must be retained together with any version of the work.<br/>
						</p>
<p><br/>
						</p>
<p>					</TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Anticipation</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<p><FONT size="4"><strong><a name="anticipation" /></strong><a name="anticipation" /></FONT><a name="anticipation">Applicationsshould attempt to anticipate the user’s wants and needs. Do not expectusers to search for or gather information or evoke necessary tools.Bring to the user all the information and tools needed for each step ofthe process.<br/><br />
							<br/><br />
						</a></p>
<p><a name="anticipation">					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Autonomy</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4"><strong><a name="autonomy" /></strong><a name="autonomy" /></FONT><a name="autonomy">The computer, the interface, and the task environment all &#8220;belong&#8221; to the user, but user-autonomy doesn’t mean we abandon rules.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="autonomy">						</a><DIR><a name="autonomy">							</a>
<p><a name="autonomy">Giveusers some breathing room. Users learn quickly and gain a fast sense ofmastery when they are placed &#8220;in charge.&#8221; Paradoxically, however,people do not feel free in the absence of all boundaries (Yallum,1980). A little child will cry equally when held too tight or left towander in a large and empty warehouse. Adults, too, feel mostcomfortable in an environment that is neither confining nor infinite,an environment explorable, but not hazardous.</a></p>
<p><a name="autonomy">						</a></DIR><a name="autonomy">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="autonomy">Use status mechanisms to keep users aware and informed.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="autonomy">						</a><DIR><a name="autonomy">							</a>
<p><a name="autonomy">Noautonomy can exist in the absence of control, and control cannot beexerted in the absence of sufficient information. Status mechanisms arevital to supplying the information necessary for workers to respondappropriately to changing conditions. As a simple example, workers,failing status information, will tend to maintain heightened pressureon themselves during slow periods, until the moment the work actuallyruns out. This will stress and fatigue them unnecessarily, so that whenthe next rush occurs, they may be lacking the physical and mentalreserves to handle it.</a></p>
<p><a name="autonomy">						</a></DIR><a name="autonomy">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="autonomy">Keep status information up to date and within easy view						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="autonomy">						</a><DIR><a name="autonomy">							</a>
<p><a name="autonomy">Usersshould not have to seek out status information. Rather, they should beable to glance at their work environment and be able to gather at leasta first approximation of state and workload. Status information can bequite subtle: the inbox icon could be switched to show an empty,somewhat full, or stuffed state. This, however, should not be overdone.The Macintosh, for years, showed an icon of a trashcan of imminentdanger of explosion if a single document was placed therein. Usersquickly formed the habit of emptying the trashcan as soon as the firstdocument hit. This not only turned a single-step operation into atwo-step operation (drag to the trash, then empty the trash), itnegated the entire power of the trashcan, namely, undo.</a></p>
<p><a name="autonomy">							</a>
<p><a name="autonomy">Asanother positive example, a search field icon can change color andappearance to indicate that the search is in progress or has beencompleted with too many matches, too few matches, or just enough. (Likeany element of the interface, just color is not enough; 10% of malesshow some indication of color blindness. Even a higher percentage mayhave temporary alterations in perception of blue under varyingconditions.)</a></p>
<p><a name="autonomy">						</a></DIR><a name="autonomy"><br/><br />
						<br/><br />
					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Color Blindness</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4"><span class="heading2"><strong><a name="Anchor-Color-33869" /></strong></span><a name="Anchor-Color-33869" /></FONT><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">Anytime you use color to convey information in the interface, you shouldalso use clear, secondary cues to convey the information to those whowon&#8217;t be experiencing any color coding today. </a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">						</a><br />
<blockquote><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">							</a>
<p><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">Most people havecolor displays nowadays, but they are not universal. In addition,approximately 10% of human males, along with a rare sprinkling offemales, have some form of color blindness.</a></p>
<p><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">							</a>
<p><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">The cones inthe eye are the source of color vision. We have cones separatelysensitive to red, green, and blue. If the red ones are not functioningthat is called protanopia. If the green are not functioning, that iscalled deuteranopia. Absence of blue, extremely rare, is calledtritanopia.</a></p>
<p><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">							</a>
<p><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">Protanopia and deuteranopia are the mostpopular forms of color blindness, collectively called red/greenblindness. (There are, in fact, significant differences in theireffects, but those differences have no real effect on interactiondesign.) While tritanopia is far more rare, it nonetheless rules outdependence on yellow-blue differentiation without secondary cues.</a></p>
<p><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">							</a>
<p><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">Secondarycues can consist of anything from the subtlety of gray scaledifferentiation to having a different graphic or different text labelassociated with each color presented.<br/><br />
								<br/><br />
							</a></p>
<p><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">						</a></p></blockquote>
<p><a name="Anchor-Color-33869">					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Consistency</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<p><a name="consistency">Thefollowing principles, taken together, offer the interaction designertremendous latitude in the evolution of a product without seriouslydisrupting those areas of consistency most important to the user.</a></p>
<p><a name="consistency">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="levelsOfConsistency">Levelsof consistency: The importance of maintaining strict consistencyvaries. The following list is ordered from those interface elementsdemanding the most faithful consistency effort to those demanding theleast. Paradoxically, many people assume that the order of items onethrough five should be exactly the reverse, leading to applicationsthat look alike, but act completely different in unpredictable ways: </a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="levelsOfConsistency">						</a><DIR><a name="levelsOfConsistency">							</a><DIR><a name="levelsOfConsistency">								</a>
<ol>
<li><a name="levelsOfConsistency">Interpretation of user behavior, e. g., shortcut keys maintain their meanings.									</a></li>
<li><a name="levelsOfConsistency">Invisible structures.									</a></li>
<li><a name="levelsOfConsistency">Small visible structures.									</a></li>
<li><a name="levelsOfConsistency">The overall &#8220;look&#8221; of a single application or service&#8211;splash screens, design elements.									</a></li>
<li><a name="levelsOfConsistency">A suite of products.									</a></li>
<li><a name="levelsOfConsistency">In-house consistency.									</a></li>
<li><a name="levelsOfConsistency">Platform-consistency.								</a></li>
</ol>
<p><a name="levelsOfConsistency">							</a></DIR><a name="levelsOfConsistency">						</a></DIR><a name="levelsOfConsistency">						</a>
<ul>
<p><a name="levelsOfConsistency">&#8220;Invisiblestructures&#8221; refers to such invisible objects as Microsoft Word&#8217;s cleverlittle right border that has all kinds of magical properties, if youever discover it is there. It may or may not appear in your version ofWord. And if it doesn&#8217;t, you&#8217;ll never know for sure that it isn&#8217;treally there, on account of it&#8217;s invisible. Which is exactly what iswrong with invisible objects and why consistency is so important. Otherobjects are, strictly speaking, visible, but do not appear to becontrols, so users, left to their own devices, might never discovertheir manipulability. The secret, if you absolutely insist on one,should be crisp and clean, for example, &#8220;you can click and drag theedges of current Macintosh windows to size them,&#8221; not, &#8220;You can clickand drag various things sometimes, but not other things other times.&#8221;<br/><br />
								<br/><br />
&#8220;Small visible structures&#8221; refers to icons, size boxes, scroll arrows,etc. The appearance of such objects needs to be strictly controlled ifpeople are not to spend half their time trying to figure out how toscroll or how to print. Location is only just slightly less importantthan appearance. Where it makes sense to standardize location, do so.</a></p>
<li><a name="levelsOfConsistency">Inconsistency:It is just important to be visually inconsistent when things must actdifferently as it is to be visually consistent when things act thesame. </a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="levelsOfConsistency">						</a><DIR><a name="levelsOfConsistency">							</a>
<p><a name="levelsOfConsistency">Avoid uniformity. Make objects consistent with their behavior. Make objects that act differently look different.</a></p>
<p><a name="levelsOfConsistency">						</a></DIR><a name="levelsOfConsistency">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="levelsOfConsistency">The most important consistency is consistency with user expectations.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="levelsOfConsistency">						</a><DIR><a name="levelsOfConsistency">							</a>
<p><a name="levelsOfConsistency">The only way to ascertain user expectations is to do user testing. No amount of study and debate will substitute.</a></p>
<p><a name="levelsOfConsistency">						</a></DIR><a name="levelsOfConsistency"><br/><br />
						<br/><br />
					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Defaults</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li>Defaultsshould be easy to &#8220;blow away:&#8221; Fields containing defaults should comeup selected, so users can replace the default contents with newmaterial quickly and easily. </li>
<li>Defaults should be &#8220;intelligent&#8221; and responsive.						</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4"><strong><a name="defaults" /></strong><a name="defaults" /></FONT><a name="defaults">Donot use the word &#8220;default&#8221; in an application or service. Replace with&#8221;Standard,&#8221; &#8220;Use Customary Settings,&#8221; &#8220;Restore Initial Settings,&#8221; orsome other more specific terms describing what will actually happen.<br/><br />
								<br/><br />
						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="defaults">					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Efficiency of the User</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4"><strong><a name="efficiencyOfUser" /></strong><a name="efficiencyOfUser" /></FONT><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Look at the user&#8217;s productivity, not the computer&#8217;s.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Peoplecost a lot more money than machines, and while it might appear thatincreasing machine productivity must result in increasing humanproductivity, the opposite is often true. In judging the efficiency ofa system, look beyond just the efficiency of the machine.</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Forexample, which of the following takes less time? Heating water in amicrowave for one minute and ten seconds or heating it for one minuteand eleven seconds?</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">From the standpoint of themicrowave, one minute and ten seconds is the obviously correct answer.From the standpoint of the user of the microwave, one minute and elevenseconds is faster. Why? Because in the first case, the user must pressthe one key twice, then visually locate the zero key, move the fingerinto place over it, and press it once. In the second case, the userjust presses the same key–the one key–three times. It typically takesmore than one second to acquire the zero key. Hence, the water isheated faster when it is &#8220;cooked&#8221; longer.</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Other factorsbeyond speed make the 111 solution more efficient. Seeking out adifferent key not only takes time, it requires a fairly high level ofcognitive processing. While the processing is underway, the main taskthe user was involved with–cooking their meal–must be set aside. Thelonger it is set aside, the longer it will take to reacquire it.</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Additionally,the user who adopts the expedient of using repeating digits formicrowave cooking faces fewer decisions. They soon abandon figuringout, for example, whether bacon should be cooked for two minutes andten seconds or two minutes and twenty-three seconds. They do a fastestimate and, given the variability of water content and baconthickness, end up with as likely a successful result with a lot lessdickering up front, again increasing human efficiency.</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Keep the user occupied.</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Since,typically, the highest expense in a business is labor cost. Any timethe user must wait for the system to respond before they can proceed,money is being lost.</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Tomaximize the efficiency of a business or other organization you mustmaximize everyone’s efficiency, not just the efficiency of a singlegroup. </a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Large organizations tend tobe compartmentalized, with each group looking out for its owninterests, sometimes to the detriment of the organization as a whole.Information resource departments often fall into the trap of creatingor adopting systems that result in increased efficiency and loweredcosts for the information resources department, but only at the cost oflowered productivity for the company as a whole.</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Forexample, one large California corporation used floppy disks as themedium for collecting benefit enrollment information. At the beginningof open enrollment, each employee would receive a disk with theenrollment applications on which he or she would insert into theircomputer and run. After asking for the employee’s name, address, phonenumber, department name, etc., the employee would be permitted to stepthrough all the various benefits, ultimately returning the disk whichnow contained all their answers and decisions. The IR department thensucked the data off each disk and entered it into their system, allautomatically. The IR department saved a great deal of money over theold system, where they had to key in the employee’s decisions from apaper form.</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">What was the problem? Instead of the IRdepartment bearing the burden of keying in the employees’ decisions,each and every employee now bore the burden of typing in his or hername, address, phone number, department name, etc. The system was justas inefficient as before, but now the cost was borne by alldepartments, rather than having it concentrated in the IR department’sbudget.</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser">The great efficiencybreakthroughs in software are to be found in the fundamentalarchitecture of the system, not in the surface design of the interface.</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">This simple truth is why itis so important for everyone involved in a software project toappreciate the importance of making user productivity goal one and tounderstand the vital difference between building an efficient systemand empowering an efficient user. This truth is also key to the needfor close and constant cooperation, communication, and conspiracybetween engineers and human interface designers if this goal is to beachieved.</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Write help messages tightly and make them responsive to the problem: good writing pays off big in comprehension and efficiency.							</a></li>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Menu and button labels should have the key word(s) first.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Example from a fictitious word processor:</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">								</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Wrong:</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">								</a>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser"><FONT size="2" face="Chicago">Insert page break</FONT><FONT size="2" face="Times"> </FONT>								</a></li>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser"><FONT size="2" face="Chicago">Add Footnote</FONT><FONT size="2" face="Times"> </FONT>								</a></li>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser"><FONT size="2" face="Chicago">Update Table of Contents</FONT><FONT size="2" face="Times"> </FONT>							</a></li>
<p></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">								</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser"><FONT face="Times">Right: </FONT></a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">								</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">									</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser"><FONT size="2" face="Chicago">Insert:</FONT><FONT size="2" face="Times"> </FONT></a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">								</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">								</a>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser"><FONT size="2" face="Chicago">Page break</FONT><FONT size="2" face="Times"> </FONT>								</a></li>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser"><FONT size="2" face="Chicago">Footnote</FONT><FONT size="2" face="Times"> </FONT>								</a></li>
<li><a name="efficiencyOfUser"><FONT size="2" face="Chicago">Table of contents</FONT><FONT size="2" face="Times"> </FONT>							</a></li>
<p></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a><DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser">							</a>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">Here,the first example, with its leading words, is actually more informativeand more accurate: one does not &#8220;insert&#8221; a footnote if it is to beplaced after all the other footnotes. And one does not insert a tableof contents if there is already a table of contents there. Instead, oneupdates it. Still, the second example will prove much more efficient intime-trials. Why? Because the extra information the first exampleoffers does not outweigh the advantage of being able to scan only thefirst word in each menu item to find the specific menu item you areafter.</a></p>
<p><a name="efficiencyOfUser">						</a></DIR><a name="efficiencyOfUser"><br/><br />
						<br/><br />
					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Explorable Interfaces</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4" face="Helvetica"><strong><a name="explorableInterfaces" /></strong><a name="explorableInterfaces" /></FONT><a name="explorableInterfaces">Give users well-marked roads and landmarks, then let them shift into four-wheel drive.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a><DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">Mimicthe safety, smoothness, and consistency of the natural landscape. Don’ttrap users into a single path through a service, but do offer them aline of least resistance. This lets the new user and the user who justwants to get the job done in the quickest way possible and &#8220;no-brainer&#8221;way through, while still enabling those who want to explore and playwhat-if a means to wander farther afield.</a></p>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a></DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="explorableInterfaces">Sometimes, however, you have to provide deep ruts.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a><DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">Thecloser you get to the naive end of the experience curve, the more youhave to rein in your users. A single-use application for accomplishingan unknown task requires a far more directive interface than ahabitual-use interface for experts.</a></p>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a></DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="explorableInterfaces">Offer users stable perceptual cues for a sense of &#8220;home.&#8221;						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a><DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">Stablevisual elements not only enable people to navigate fast, they act asdependable landmarks, giving people a sense of &#8220;home.&#8221;</a></p>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a></DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="explorableInterfaces">Make Actions reversible						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a><DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">Peopleexplore in ways beyond navigation. Sometimes they want to find out whatwould happen if they carried out some potentially dangerous action.Sometimes they don’t want to find out, but they do anyway by accident.</a></p>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">By making actions reversible, users can both explore and can &#8220;get sloppy&#8221; with their work.</a></p>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a></DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="explorableInterfaces">Always allow &#8220;Undo.&#8221;						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a><DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">Theunavoidable result of not supporting undo is that you must then supporta bunch of dialogs that say the equivalent of, &#8220;Are you really, reallysure?&#8221; Needless to say, this slows people down.</a></p>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">In theabsence of such dialogs, people slow down even further. A study a fewyears back showed that people in a hazardous environment make no moremistakes than people in a supportive and more visually obviousenvironment, but they worked a lot slower and a lot more carefully toavoid making errors.</a></p>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a></DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="explorableInterfaces">Always allow a way out.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a><DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">Users should never feel trapped. They should have a clear path out.</a></p>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a></DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="explorableInterfaces">However, make it easier to stay in.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a><DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">Earlysoftware tended to make it difficult to leave. With the advent of theweb, we&#8217;ve seen the advent of software that makes it difficult to stay.Web browsers still festoon their windows with objects and options thathave nothing to do with our applications and services running within.Our task can become akin to designing a word process which, oh, by theway, will be using Photoshop&#8217;s menu bar. Having 49 options on thescreen that lead directly to destruction of the user&#8217;s work, along withone or two that just might help is not an explorable interface, it isthe interface from hell. If you are working with complex transactionsusing a standard web browser, turn off the menu bar and all of theother irrelevant options, then supply our own landmarks and options.</a></p>
<p><a name="explorableInterfaces">						</a></DIR><a name="explorableInterfaces"><br/><br />
						<br/><br />
					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Fitts&#8217; Law</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4" face="Helvetica"><strong><a name="fitts's law" /></strong><a name="fitts's law" /></FONT><a name="fittsLaw">The time to acquire a target is a function of the distance to and size of the target.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="fittsLaw">						</a><DIR><a name="fittsLaw">							</a>
<p><a name="fittsLaw">Whileat first glance, this law might seem patently obvious, it is one of themost ignored principles in design. Fitts&#8217; law (properly, but rarely,spelled &#8220;Fitts&#8217; Law&#8221;) dictates the Macintosh pull-down menu acquisitionshould be approximately five times faster than Windows menuacquisition, and this is proven out.</a></p>
<p><a name="fittsLaw">							</a>
<p><a name="fittsLaw">Fitts&#8217; law dictatesthat the windows task bar will constantly and unnecessarily get inpeople&#8217;s way, and this is proven out. Fitts&#8217; law indicates that themost quickly accessed targets on any computer display are the fourcorners of the screen, because of their pinning action, and yet, foryears, they seemed to be avoided at all costs by designers.</a></p>
<p><a name="fittsLaw">							</a>
<p><a name="fittsLaw">Use large objects for important functions (Big buttons are faster).</a></p>
<p><a name="fittsLaw">							</a>
<p><a name="fittsLaw">Usethe pinning actions of the sides, bottom, top, and corners of yourdisplay: A single-row toolbar with tool icons that &#8220;bleed&#8221; into theedges of the display will be many times faster than a double row oficons with a carefully-applied one-pixel non-clickable edge between thetools and the side of the display.</a></p>
<p><a name="fittsLaw">						</a></DIR><a name="fittsLaw"><br/><br />
						<br/><br />
					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Human Interface Objects</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<p><FONT size="4" face="Helvetica"><strong><a name="humanInterfaceObjects" /></strong><a name="humanInterfaceObjects" /></FONT><a name="humanInterfaceObjects">Human-interfaceobjects are not necessarily the same as objects found inobject-oriented systems. Our objects include folders, documents, andthe trashcan. They appear within the user&#8217;s environment and may or maynot map directly to an object-oriented object. In fact, many earlygui&#8217;s were built entirely in non-object-oriented environments.</a></p>
<p><a name="humanInterfaceObjects">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="humanInterfaceObjects">Human-interface objects can be seen, heard, touched, or otherwise perceived.							</a></li>
<li><a name="humanInterfaceObjects">Humaninterface objects that can be seen are quite familiar in graphic userinterfaces. Objects that play to another sense such as hearing or touchare less familiar. Good work has been done in developing auditory icons(Gaver). </a></li>
<li><a name="humanInterfaceObjects">Human-interface objects have a standard way of interacting.							</a></li>
<li><a name="humanInterfaceObjects">Human-interface objects have standard resulting behaviors.							</a></li>
<li><a name="humanInterfaceObjects">Human-interface objects should be understandable, self-consistent, and stable.<br/><br />
								<br/><br />
																				</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="humanInterfaceObjects">					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Latency Reduction</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4" face="Helvetica"><strong><a name="latencyReduction" /></strong><a name="latencyReduction" /></FONT><a name="latencyReduction">Wherever possible, use multi-threading to push latency into the background.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="latencyReduction">						</a><DIR><a name="latencyReduction">							</a>
<p><a name="latencyReduction">Latencycan often be hidden from users through multi-tasking techniques,letting them continue with their work while transmission andcomputation take place in the background.</a></p>
<p><a name="latencyReduction">						</a></DIR><a name="latencyReduction">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="latencyReduction">Reduce the user’s experience of latency.<br/><br />
								<br/><br />
							</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="latencyReduction">Acknowledge all button clicks by visual or aural feedback within 50 milliseconds.								</a></li>
<li><a name="latencyReduction">Display an hourglass for any action that will take from 1/2 to 2 seconds.								</a></li>
<li><a name="latencyReduction">Animate the hourglass so they know the system hasn&#8217;t died.								</a></li>
<li><a name="latencyReduction">Display a message indicating the potential length of the wait for any action that will take longer than 2 seconds.								</a></li>
<li><a name="latencyReduction">Communicate the actual length through an animated progress indicator.								</a></li>
<li><a name="latencyReduction">Offerengaging text messages to users informed and entertained while they arewaiting for long processes, such as server saves, to be completed. </a></li>
<li><a name="latencyReduction">Make the client system beep and give a large visualindication upon return from lengthy (&gt;10 seconds) processes, so thatusers know when to return to using the system. </a></li>
<li><a name="latencyReduction">Trap multiple clicks of the same button or object.Because the Internet is slow, people tend to press the same buttonrepeatedly, causing things to be even slower.<br/><br />
									<br/><br />
															</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="latencyReduction">							</a></li>
<li><a name="latencyReduction">Make it faster						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="latencyReduction">						</a><DIR><a name="latencyReduction">							</a>
<p><a name="latencyReduction">Eliminate any element of the application that is not helping. Be ruthless.</a></p>
<p><a name="latencyReduction">						</a></DIR><a name="latencyReduction"><br/><br />
						<br/><br />
					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Learnability</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top"><a name="learnability">						</a><DIR><a name="learnability">							</a>
<p><a name="learnability">Ideally,products would have no learning curve: users would walk up to them forthe very first time and achieve instant mastery. In practice, allapplications and services, no matter how simple, will display alearning curve.</a></p>
<p><a name="learnability">						</a></DIR><a name="learnability">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="limitTradeOffs">Limit the Trade-Offs.</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="limitTradeOffs">						</a><DIR><a name="limitTradeOffs">							</a>
<p><a name="limitTradeOffs">Usabilityand learnability are not mutually exclusive. First, decide which is themost important; then attack both with vigor. Ease of learningautomatically coming at the expense of ease of use is a myth.</a></p>
<p><a name="limitTradeOffs">						</a></DIR><a name="limitTradeOffs"><br/><br />
						<br/><br />
					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Metaphors, Use of</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4" face="Helvetica"><strong><a name="metaphors" /></strong><a name="metaphors" /></FONT><a name="metaphors">Choose metaphors well, metaphors that will enable users to instantly grasp the finest details of the conceptual model.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="metaphors">						</a><DIR><a name="metaphors">							</a>
<p><a name="metaphors">Good metaphors are stories, creating visible pictures in the mind.</a></p>
<p><a name="metaphors">						</a></DIR><a name="metaphors">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="metaphors">Bringmetaphors alive by appealing to people’s perceptions–sight, sound,touch, and kinesthesia–as well as triggering their memories. </a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="metaphors">						</a><DIR><a name="metaphors">							</a>
<p><a name="metaphors">Metaphors usually evoke thefamiliar, but often add a new twist. For example, Windows 95 has anobject called a briefcase. Like a real-world briefcase, its purpose isto help make electronic documents more portable. It does so, however,not by acting as a transport mechanism, but as a synchronizer:Documents in the desktop briefcase and the briefcase held on portablemedia are updated automatically when the portable media is inserted inthe machine.</a></p>
<p><a name="metaphors">						</a></DIR><a name="metaphors"><br/><br />
						<br/><br />
					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Protect Users&#8217; Work</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4" face="Helvetica"><strong><a name="protectUsersWork" /></strong><a name="protectUsersWork" /></FONT><a name="protectUsersWork">Ensurethat users never lose their work as a result of error on their part,the vagaries of Internet transmission, or any other reason other thanthe completely unavoidable, such as sudden loss of power to the clientcomputer. </a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="protectUsersWork">						</a><DIR><a name="protectUsersWork">							</a>
<p><a name="protectUsersWork">(Even here, it has becomecompletely inexcusable that today&#8217;s computers and operating systems donot support and encourage continuous-save. That, coupled with a smallamount of power-protected memory could eliminate the embarrassment of$5000 machines offering the reliability of 10-cent toys.)</a></p>
<p><a name="protectUsersWork">						</a></DIR><a name="protectUsersWork"><br/><br />
						<br/><br />
					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Readability</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4" face="Helvetica"><strong><a name="readability" /></strong><a name="readability" /></FONT><a name="readability">Text that must be read should have high contrast. Favor black text on white or pale yellow backgrounds. Avoid gray backgrounds.							</a></li>
<li><a name="readability">Usefont sizes that are large enough to be readable on standard monitors.Favor particularly large characters for the actual data you intend todisplay, as opposed to labels and instructions. For example, the label,&#8221;Last Name,&#8221; can afford to be somewhat small. Habitual users will learnthat that two-word gray blob says &#8220;Last Name.&#8221; Even new users, based onthe context of the form on which it appears, will have a pretty goodguess that it says &#8220;Last Name.&#8221; The actual last name entered/displayed,however, must be clearly readable. This becomes even more important fornumbers. Human languages are highly redundant, enabling people to&#8221;heal&#8221; garbled messages. Numbers, however, unless they follow a verystrict protocol, have no redundancy, so people need the ability toexamine and comprehend every single character. </a></li>
<li><a name="readability">Pay particular attention to the needs of olderpeople. Presbyopia, the condition of hardened, less flexible lenses,coupled with reduced light transmission into the eye, affects mostpeople over age 45. Do not trust your young eyes to make size andcontrast decisions.<br/><br />
								<br/><br />
													</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="readability">					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Track State</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><FONT size="4" face="Helvetica"><strong><a name="trackState" /></strong><a name="trackState" /></FONT><a name="trackState">Becausemany of our browser-based products exist in a stateless environment, wehave the responsibility to track state as needed. </a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="trackState">						</a><DIR><a name="trackState">							</a>
<p><a name="trackState">We may need to know:</a></p>
<p><a name="trackState">						</a></DIR><a name="trackState">						</a>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a name="trackState">Whether this is the first time the user has been in the system								</a></li>
<li><a name="trackState">Where the user is								</a></li>
<li><a name="trackState">Where the user is going								</a></li>
<li><a name="trackState">Where the user has been during this session								</a></li>
<li><a name="trackState">Where the user was when they left off in the last session							</a></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p><a name="trackState">						</a><DIR><a name="trackState">							</a>
<p><a name="trackState">and myriad other details.</a></p>
<p><a name="trackState">							</a>
<p><a name="trackState">In addition to simply knowing where they’ve been, we can also make good use of what they’ve done.</a></p>
<p><a name="trackState">						</a></DIR><a name="trackState">						</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="trackState">Stateinformation should be held in a cookie on the client machine during asession with a transaction service, then stored on the server when theylog off. </a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="trackState">						</a><DIR><a name="trackState">							</a>
<p><a name="trackState">Users should be able to log off at work, go home, and take up exactly where they left off.</a></p>
<p><a name="trackState">							</a>
<p><a name="trackState">Aprivate service for doctors, Physicians On Line, does an excellent jobwith this. Doctors can be 95% of the way through a complex transaction,log off, log in again six weeks later from another part of the world,and the service will ask them if they want to be taken right back towhere they were.</a></p>
<p><a name="trackState">						</a></DIR><a name="trackState"><br/><br />
						<br/><br />
					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD width="85" valign="top">						<H4 class="leftMargin">Visible Navigation</H4>					</TD>					<TD valign="top"><br/><br />
</TD>					<TD valign="top">
<ul>
<li><a name="visibleInterfaces">Avoid invisible navigation.						</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="visibleInterfaces">						</a><DIR><a name="visibleInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="visibleInterfaces">Most users cannot and will not build elaborate mental maps and will become lost or tired if expected to do so.</a></p>
<p><a name="visibleInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="visibleInterfaces">TheWorld Wide Web, for all its pretty screens and fancy buttons, is, ineffect, an invisible navigation space. True, you can always see thespecific page you are on, but you cannot see anything of the vast spacebetween pages. Once users reach our applications, we must take care toreduce navigation to a minimum and make that navigation that is leftclear and natural. Present the illusion that users are always in thesame place, with the work brought to them. This not only eliminates theneed for maps and other navigational aids, it offers users a greatersense of mastery and autonomy.</a></p>
<p><a name="visibleInterfaces">							</a>
<p><a name="visibleInterfaces">As with the inherentstatelessness of the web (see Track State, above), our job is not toaccept blindly what the architects have given us, but to add the layersof capability and protection that users want and need. That the web&#8217;snavigation is inherently invisible is a challenge, not an inevitability.</a></p>
<p><a name="visibleInterfaces">						</a></DIR><a name="visibleInterfaces">						</a>
<p><a name="visibleInterfaces"><br/><br />
						</a></p>
<p><a name="visibleInterfaces">					</a></TD>				</TR>				<TR>					<TD><br/><br />
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